The cooling tower had two possible makeup water sources. In this experimental study ceramic tiles were used as a packing material. Like all machinery, cooling tower systems are required to meet essential health and safety requirements such as the european union eu machinery directive 200642ec, which includes vibration monitoring. The most common is for a cooling tower that provides the required heat rejection capacity with a high level of reliability at low cost. Experimental study on heat and mass transfer in cooling towers 851 12 1 fig. Introduction overheating of machine parts is essential issue in industry. Jan 23, 2006 an analytical model was developed to describe thermodynamically the water evaporation process inside a counter. The heat is released to the air rather than to a lake or stream.
Improved model for natural and mechanicaldraft cooling. However, it is possible to lessen this impact in both central and unitary systems by increasing their efficiency. Pdf analysis studying for improving cooling tower researchgate. Pdf temperature control is a significant requirement in the most industrial process. Case studies for cooling towers hydroflow scale and bacteria control, including legionella in cooling systems hydroflow can save 50% or more of the water being used annually in the treatment of cooling system equipment by reducing the volume of makeup water required and reduced blowdown events. Client profile a leading supplier of energy products and services to wholesale and retail electric and natural gas customers, and a major generator of electricity with a diversified fleet of generating units strategically located throughout the united states and canada, totaling approximately 9,000 megawatts of. Objective to study the performance at different ranges cooling load and inlet temperature of cooling tower. In the horizontal plane, they refer to the approximate width and length of packed areas, and in the vertical plane to the height above basin kerb level. A portion of the water evaporates, cooling the remaining water about 10 degrees f. Experimental study of cooling tower performance using. There are many different types of cooling towers but the cooling tower working principles stay pretty much the same.
The previous study showed that a mechanical cooling tower model 16, in which three characteristic parameters were determined by the. Cstn september 2002 a client had a large, threecell cooling tower system that was having problems maintaining conductivity. Hot water flowing from the condenser is slowed down and spread out in the heat transfer media fill. Dry cooling tower an overview sciencedirect topics. Featured product adiabatic coolers from paharpurspartium can reduce energy consumption by up to 40% or reduce water usage by up to 80%. Six thermocouples are measuring the air temperature and the other seven the water temperature. Evaporation losses e it is calculated on the basis of heat. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, just transformed from one form to another. Excessive bacterial growth in the tower was leading to solids accumulation within the towers fill and an increasing frequency of tss excursions in their blow down. Operation of the cooling tower as heat rejection device is based on a principle where waste thermal. Pdf experimental study of the performance of cooling tower. Cooling tower pumping and piping bottom vented downcomer.
Nazario university of alabama at birmingham uab reu site in structural engineering 2000 project advisor. Biofouling prevention in cooling tower al futtaim cooling district plant in dubai incorporated the lg sonic technology into their chemical treatment program to reduce the biocide consumption in the cooling towers and improve the water quality. Thermodynamic study of wet cooling tower performance. Areas served in the plant by this tower include air compressors, process.
Cooling tower improvement study using pepse epri heat rate improvement conference february 57, 20 justin strupp scientech, a business unit of curtisswright flow control. Cooling towers summary the cooling tower removes heat from water used in cooling systems within the plant. Cooling towers other uses of water healthy water cdc. It is a large tall hyperboloid type cooling tower having widemouthed. Notes for the number of buildings and cooling towers on each building.
The model was developed through careful study of the systematic behavior of existing laboratory and field data and systematic testing of theoretical assumptions commonly employed in available plume models. Keywords cooling tower, induced draft, approach, range, cooling capacity, evaporation loss, water flow rate, lg ratio. Natural draught tower utilize the principle of buoyancy to achieve the desired effect. If it is not available it may be assumed as for natural draft cooling tower d 0. Required custom parapet clamp to work on sloped surface. In the horizontal plane, they refer to the approximate width and length of packed areas, and in the vertical plane.
What is the blowdown loss, if the cycles of concentration coc is 3. In most of the refineries fertilizer plants in india wooden cooling towers are being used due to low capital cost. In the current theoretical study, a parametric analysis of counter flow cooling tower is presented by. The structures are either made of concrete or wood. Evaporative cooling is the process where warm water from an industrial process is pumped up to the top of the cooling tower where the water distribution system is. Water savings of cooling tower efficiency measures for use in performance contracts. Theory the cooling tower experiment operates according to the first law of thermodynam ics which is the conservation of energy. System profile the cooling tower is a marley tower, model 221221 and is designed to cool 750 gpm of water from 92 to 82 degrees at a 77degree design wet bulb temperature, which equates to dissipating 3. A nominal cooling tower ton is defined as cooling 3 gpm of water from 95f to 85f at a 78f entering air wetbulb temperature. Excerpts from each are attached attachment 1 and 2. Inadequate flow rates downcomer flow rates can be so low, relative to pipe size, as to allow air to enter at the pipe discharge. Power plant maintenance aep cardinal station unit 3 cooling tower brilliant, oh contractor. Layout of experimental apparatus temperature is measured by the calibrated 0.
In every application the target portion of the nozzle should be located at the correct distance above the top of the cooling tower fill to obtain maximum. Cooling tower improvement study using pepse 20 scientech symposium managing plant assets and performance clearwater beach, florida august 69, 20 justin strupp scientech, a business unit of curtisswright flow control scott prokopetz and scott mcleod saskpower. Rp m 2 rp m 1 cfm 2 c fm 1 staticpressure 2 static pressure 1 cfm 2 cfm 12 ho rsep ower 2 ho rsepow er 1c fm cfm 3 formulas ra nge e ntering water tem per ature leavingwater temperature. Performance evaluation of cooling towers at khartoum. In this investigation examination of a few figuring with respect to the cooling tower. See the more detailed explanation of cooling towers systems. Does a single cooling tower have multiple cooling tower cells with individual basins. The major concern during i study the cooling tower theory was how to computerize the cooling tower theory from the calculation of ntu to the cooling tower performance analysis. Inspect, repair and coat entire interior surface of cooling tower with dimensions 200 ft 61 m in diameter and 424 ft 129. They are located in areas that are situated after the fill and water sprays and just before the area where the air exits the cooling tower see figures 6 and 8. Keywordscooling tower, induced draft, approach, range, cooling capacity, evaporation loss, water flow rate, lg ratio. Experimental the tested cooling tower is a forced draft counter.
Post office construction collapse harbour cay condominium collapse the john hancock tower structural failures rosemont horizon arena roof collapse northridge effect on welded smrf willow island cooling tower collapse. The objective of this research is to study the performance of the cooling towers and the factors affecting this performance at khartoum north power station dr. The project deals with the performance study and analysis of induced draft cooling tower, which is one of the deciding factors used for increasing the power plant efficiency also modelling and analysis of flow using software. The cooling tower cleaning was performed in a safe and environmentally friendly manner. Drift loss of the cooling tower is normally provided by the cooling tower manufacturer based on the process design.
A portion of the hot water is evaporated in the fill area, which cools the bulk water. Six thermocouples are measuring the air temperature and. A small amount of compressed air is used to evacuate the vessel and flush the dirty water from the pod. Miscellaneous mechanical components doehdbk1018293 cooling towers summary the important information in this chapter is summarized below. Comprehensive technical feasibility and cost evaluation study. Cooling towers can be split into two distinct categories. By using a cooling tower, the plant is kept safe and operational. Nominal tower dimensions nominal tower dimensions is dimensions used to indicate the effective size of cells, or cooling tower. In a thermal power station, the efficient operation of a turbine depends upon. It allowed the power generating facility to reduce the biological accumulation in the tower, improving efficiency and eliminating the need for an expensive, manual cleaning of the tower s fill.
With air flow rate, cooling tower performance increases. Thermoeconomic study of hybrid cooling tower systems article pdf available in international journal of physical sciences 1122. The purpose of a cooling tower is to keep a process from raising temperatures too high were they either can be dangerous or lower the efficiency. Pdf experimental study of the performance of cooling. Air is cooled as it passes over the copper tubes containing the cool water. Cooling tower evaporative cooling system measurement.
Pdf thermoeconomic study of hybrid cooling tower systems. Cooling tower is an essential component of air conditioning plant, chemical plant etc. Here we explain in full detail how cooling towers operate with example text, pictures, diagrams and principles. During the transit of this pound of air through the tower, several notable changes occurred which are pertinent to the study of cooling towers. Introduction development of failure case studies in civil engineering in us n. Deterministic study on the optimum performance of counter. This paper intended to the damage of cooling tower of our plant a detail case study of the incident. An improved model for naturaldraft cooling tower plumes from single towers is presented. Increasing volumetric flow rate of air through heat exchangers improves the performance of the cooling system which ultimately depends on the air dry bulb temperature. Study on the effect of blade angle on the performance of a. In this regard, cooling towers are key parts of many power.
Most cooling towers work based on the principle of evaporative cooling. Cooling tower ring beam fan supports inlet and outlet ducts riser base slab wall stiffenerpartition distribution channel cp of reinforced concrete cooling tower, ksa corrosion technology services case study 2006c001 start. The thermal capability of a cooling tower used for air condition ing is often expressed in nominal cooling tower tons. These studies were complicated by the fact that the cooling tower market is typically driven by one of two powerful, yet often conflicting requirements.
East side of urea cooling tower of lineii suddenly collapsed at 7. Closed wet cooling towers cwcts are used widely because of their better water quality and smaller water consumption. Does each cooling tower cell have a unique treatment system. Cooling towers are one of the most critical utility elements as.
Deterministic study on the optimum performance of counter flow cooling tower adel alyan fahmy and loula a. The energy that enter the system must exit the system as it can diffuse. Research engineer, pacific northwest national laboratory. Pdf the present investigation includes a detailed study of the proposed equation for counter flow wet cooling tower using merkel and poppe. Hyperbolic shape of cooling towers was introduced by two dutch engineers, van iterson and kuyper, who in 1914 constructed the first hyperboloid towers which were 35 m high. It is used to reduce the temperature of hot water stream by using outside air and thus heat is rejected to atmosphere. With adiabatic coolers, there is no tradeoff in thermal performancethis is a fresh new alternative to our waterscarce, energy conscious industrial landscape.
Cooling tower shell is usually supported by a truss or framework of columns. To simulate an industrial cooling tower and study its performance based on. Cooling towers use evaporation to release waste heat from an hvac system. The below writeup identifies accepted guidelines for. Experimental study of cooling tower performance using ceramic. If you read this book carefully, you can make any cooling tower design programs by yourself. Cooling tower control problem by james mcdonald, pe, cwt originally published. A schematic illustration and photo of the used experimental apparatus are shown in fig. Understanding key components of cooling towers and. As this occurs, a small volume of water is evaporated, reducing the temperature of the water being circulated through the tower. In a dry cooling tower, air can be introduced either by mechanical draft fans as shown in fig. The results showed that study area has potential sites from 75 kw to 85 kw. Deterioration of the packing material is a major problem in cooling towers.
Again, this will be a first issue releasing the actual engineering approach. This case study describes the safety culture shortcomings that led directly to the partial collapse of a natural draft, hyperbolic, reinforced concrete cooling tower at willow island, wv, on april 27, 1978. Cooling tower case study and was originally used to filter fine metal particles from hydraulic fluid on aircraft. Hyperboloid shape aids in accelerating the upward convective air flow, which improves cooling efficiency. Cooling tower efficiency calculations cooling tower approach. The main part of the installation is the cooling tower, hav. Although, both range and approach should be monitored, the approach is a better indicator of cooling tower performance. Study on buckling behaviour of hyperbolic cooling towers. Cooling towers are an integral component of many refrigeration. Both publications offer similar guidance with regard to. Experimental analysis of the performance of a mechanical. The longevity and costsaving features of todays advanced hdpe plastic cooling towers tests the wisdom of choosing yesteryears conventional metalclad models.
Cooling tower makeup water quantity calculation saubhaya cooling tower makeup water quantity calculation saubhaya cooling towers understanding key components of and pdf cooling towers estimate evaporation losakeup water. Many of the largescale vertical pumps installed in power plants and various pumping stations have experienced some sort of vibration, impeller damage due to local cavitation, excessive bearing wear, or loss of pumping efficiency, combinations. Cooling tower application study somehow, only the gearbox bearings and seals needed replacing as all other major gearbox components, including the gear sets, were found to be in good condition. Foreword this cooling tower study was performed under contract no. Case study the cooling towers are generally huge devices with sizes as large as 200 m x 15 m x 16 m. The baseline study period should be a minimum of one full. According to them, the design of cooling tower is affected by tower characteristics and different types of losses generated in cooling tower. Experimental study on performance of a closed wet cooling tower. The cooler water sinks to the lowest spot in the tower basin and is supplied to the copper tubes inside of a heat exchanger. Case study project scope a power plant on the west coast was experiencing problems with its large, opencircuit cooling tower system. Performance analyses of counterflow closed wet cooling towers. In open circuit systems the recirculating water returns to the tower after 1 one ton of refrigeration is equal to 12,000 btuhour. In this study heat and mass transfer data are measured within the tower over a period of.
The cooling tower was one of two towers being constructed by researchcottrell, inc. The fanlaws can be used topredi ctthe pe rformance ofa towerwitha nonstandard motor. The size of the cooling towers may vary from small rooftop units to very large hyperboloid structures can be up to 200 metres 660 ft tall and 100 metres 330 ft in diameter, or in rectangular structures can be over 40 metres ft tall and 80 metres 260 ft long types of cooling tower a on the basis of heat transfer methods cooling towers are classified as. When the filter requires backflushing, the flow direction is reversed through each filter pod sequentially. This is without taking into account any losses in oper. Cpa 2269122 by the iit research institute during the period june 23, 1969 to june 22, 1970. Cooling tower basics calculation formulas cooling tower. Cooling tower makeup water calculation pdf saubhaya makeup. At these condi tions, the cooling tower rejects 15,000 btuih per nominal cooling tower ton. Concentrating solar power commercial application study.
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